A two-step target cell determination strategy is implemented according to the cell load level and RSRP criteria, ensuring that users are handed over to low-loaded target cells. The algorithm automatically optimises HCP settings for a given user based on three bounded functions (the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the user equipment (UE), the number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) per UE and the UE’s speed) as well as their automatic weight levels. This paper proposes a coordinated load balancing algorithm for LTE-A/fifth generation (5G) HetNets. A key factor in achieving efficient load balancing during user mobility is creating appropriate optimisation for handover control parameters (HCP). Load balancing is a major challenge in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) consisting of 5G and 6G ultra-dense small cells with long-term evaluation advanced (LTE-A) networks.
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